THE ROLE OF WEB COMPONENTS IN BUILDING MODERN INTERFACES: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Abstract

The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of web components on the creation of modern web interfaces, to analyze their role in ensuring modularity, compatibility, performance, availability and testability in the context of the software life cycle. The article also aims to develop strategies for overcoming the limitations associated with the implementation of web components to improve the quality of web applications.Scientific novelty. The article deepens the understanding of the role of web components based on W3C standards in meeting the functional and non-functional requirements of web development. The novelty lies in systematizing approaches to integrating web components with modern frameworks (React, Angular, Vue.js), analyzing their impact on all stages of the software life cycle, and developing practical recommendations for overcoming challenges such as the complexity of Shadow DOM testing, performance optimization through WebAssembly, and ensuring accessibility according to WCAG standards. Particular attention is paid to under-researched aspects, such as integration with DevOps practices and automated testing.Results. The study found that web components using Custom Elements, Shadow DOM, HTML Templates, and ES Modules help create modular and scalable interfaces, reducing design and development complexity. They provide isolation of styles and logic to prevent conflicts in large projects and compatibility with different frameworks, making integration easier. At the testing stage, web components simplify unit testing, but complicate unit testing due to the Shadow DOM, which requires specialized tools such as Playwright or Testing Library. Performance depends on rendering optimization, where WebAssembly and modular rendering reduce latency. Accessibility requires the use of ARIA attributes and semantic HTML, and SEO requires server-side rendering (SSR) or static generation (SSG). The comparative analysis showed the advantages of web components in modularity and reusability compared to traditional approaches but revealed the need for additional efforts for testing and accessibility.Conclusions. Web components are an effective tool for building modern web interfaces, providing modularity, encapsulation, and compatibility. They simplify software development, deployment, and support, but require a careful approach to testing, performance, and availability. The proposed strategies, such as the use of WebAssembly, automated testing tools (Playwright, axe-core), and SSR for SEO, allow overcoming the limitations. In 2025, web components remain relevant, integrating with new technologies such as Web 3.0 and AI, which opens prospects for their further development.