REVIEW OF METHODS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM COMPOUNDS OF DIFFERENT NATURE AND GENESIS. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35546/kntu2078-4481.2024.4.20Keywords:
wastewater, environment, mechanical methods, chemical methods, biological methodsAbstract
Environmental pollution has a negative impact on natural resources, including water bodies. Wastewater can easily infiltrate into the soil and even into the liquid supplied to residential and public buildings. Wastewater treatment is required to improve the environmental conditions. There are various ways to remove pollution from wastewater. Type of pollution affects the choice of method of wastewater treatment. Often combined methods are used to achieve the best result. The main methods of wastewater treatment: mechanical ‒ used to remove insoluble impurities; biological ‒ liquid purification is carried out without the use of chemicals; biochemical ‒ along with chemical reagents, microorganisms that feed on pollutants are used; chemical ‒ used to remove various acids and alkalis from the effluent; physical-chemical ‒ includes several methods of removing contaminants. Before using a particular method of sewage treatment, it is necessary to analyze the wastewater. Mechanical methods of wastewater treatment consist in removing insoluble and partially colloidal insoluble and partially colloidal impurities from the water. Waste contained in wastewater (paper, rags, bones, various industrial wastes, etc.). Chemical methods of wastewater treatment include the following neutralization, oxidation, and reduction. Chemical treatment can be used as a preliminary stage of biological treatment or as a subsequent treatment method. Both chemical and physicochemical treatment are used only in industrial conditions and require preliminary mechanical cleaning. Chemical purification reduces the amount of insoluble pollutants by up to 95 % and soluble pollutants up to 25 %. Biological methods are considered the main way to treat wastewater from the oxidation of organic impurities. They are based on biological oxidation, which allows to filter wastewater from various organic substances. These substances cannot be removed from wastewater mechanically. Biological oxidation is carried out with the help of a community of microorganisms (biocenosis), which includes many bacteria, protozoa and some highly organized organisms such as algae, fungi, etc. Rarely used for wastewater from machine-building enterprises.
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